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Greek and Roman Technologies
Greek and Roman Contribution to Technologies
In the Classical period the most revolutionary developments were in glassmaking. The sand-core technique went out of fashion, while Egypt took the lead with an output of mould-pressed ware, beautifully finished by grinding and polishing. Colored rods or 'canes' were fused together and then cut transversely in order to make polychrome glasses; this culminated in mosaic glasses and bowls such as graced the Roman emperors' table. But the biggest change came not from the Alexandrian centre but almost certainly from Syria, whence it spread across the Roman world with astonishing speed in the early years of the empire. This was the art of glass-blowing, which probably began with the blowing of vessels within moulds; as skill improved, moulds were dispensed with. Free-blown glass was produced as a bubble on the end of a blowpipe, and shaped with pliers; transferred while still molten on to the end of a second rod; the process was completed by detaching the blowpipe, leaving a mouth to be trimmed with shears. Reheating his glass when necessary, the blower could blow and spin it into almost any shape, from flat dishes 2 ft in diameter to a small jug inserted into a larger one. By the second century A.D. the glass industry had spread from Italy to important new manufacturing centers with improved techniques round Cologne and Trier, whence it also reached Britain. Minor technical changes were diffused so fast that there must have been a constant movement of skilled glass-makers from the Near Eastern centers all across the empire. Finds ranging from Afghanistan to the Sahara, Scandinavia, and the northern highlands of Scotland show the popularity of imperial glass even among the outer barbarians.
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