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Iron Age
The Early Iron Age
The Bronze Age had rested upon two difficult techniques: the miner's work in the dark bowels of the earth, and the smelting together or mixing together of two metals (one of which, tin, was always in short supply) to form an alloy. Since iron ore, in the form of bog ore, was plentiful enough on the surface to dispense for a very long time with any need of mining, and since the metal had multifarious uses without admixture, it is at first sight surprising that the long Iron Age dawned so late. For it does not really begin until about 1200 B.C., when the destruction of the Hittite empire scattered the smiths, though a few pieces of man-made iron were in circulation before 2500 B.C., and iron ornaments and ceremonial weapons soon after 2000 B.C. Two reasons may be suggested for the delay. The early finds of meteoric iron would not prompt any inquiry into the iron ore of the earth, with which they had no obvious connexion. Moreover, an experimental smelting of iron ore to see if it behaved like ores of copper or other known metals would be most discouraging: because pure iron melts at 1,535o C. (compared with 1,083o C. for copper), experiments in smelting it would produce only a mass of slag and cinders concealing unmelted globules of iron. Until the introduction of the blast-furnace in the Middle Ages there was no means of producing molten iron for casting, though from pre-Christian times the furnace temperature was increased either by securing a better natural draught or by using bellows. Repeated hammerings at red heat were required in order to beat most of the slag out of the bloom of crude iron, before it was usable.
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